Cirque du Soleil - The Turkey Affair - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2547 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Contents Context Business Model Industry Analysis Key drivers: Per Capita Disposable Income: Increasing Alternative Entertainment Options: Government Spending/Spur: Time spent on Leisure activities: Evaluating Turkey as a destination for Cirque du Soleil Factors of production: Demand Considerations: Related and Supported Industries: Firm structure, Strategy and Rivalry: Governmental Factor Recommendation Implementation timeline Appendices References . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cirque du Soleil The Turkey Affair" essay for you Create order Context Towards the end of December 2008, Vice-President Tour Planning and Partnerships at Cirque du Soleil(CdS) is briefed by the director of partnership management about a proposal from potential Turkish promoters (Turkish Television and Entertainment Society and Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey, in partnership with the City of Istanbul) to set up a show in Turkey. Given the fact that Cirque du Soleil had been proficiently capitalizing on its strengths to tour different countries around the world, Turkey sounded great but the location has to be analyzed based on different dimensions before a final decision is made. This paper would address the decision making framework by examining the rationales from the perspective of the decision maker the VP. Business Model Cirque Du Soleil has been a global leader in performing arts industry. It is based in Montreal, Canada and has been privately held since its inception. In 2008, Guy LalibertÃÆ' © à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the founder of the company sold a 20 percent share of the company to Dubai based partners. Cirque has been able to capture the audience attention through its unique acrobatic tasks. The notable growth at the same time remaining private is very difficult. CdS has a peculiar business model by virtue of which, CdS has been able to distinguish itself from traditional circuses and create a blue ocean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a market of its own. CdS has been able to maintain the blue ocean with the help of innovation and creativity, diverse and talented performers (Appendix 2) and its ability to capitalize on the new and emerging international markets and trends. CdS performs various kinds of shows. It has touring shows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the so called big tops which operate at various locati ons around the world. There are also arena shows which are also international but are fixed at the same location (Arena) for a period of time. Then, there are resident shows (operated in Partnership) that operate at a particular resort for a considerable period of time. The resort/location responsibility is of the partner. Touring shows are the legacy shows for Cirque du Soleil and have been a source of growth as well. Touring shows take place at various locations around the world with a tour lasting for a particular period of time in a city. Regarding costing structure, if CdS acts alone touring shows are costly as much as 50 M in costs, Arena shows are also about the same but the resident shows cost around 15-18 M in costs as a large portion of the expenses are borne by partner. The problem with the resident shows is that the partners who can invest in infrastructure are hard to find. There are three revenue collection/partnership methods(Appendix 3) for touring and arena shows: C irque act alone à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" CdS pays for all the expenses on its own and all the revenue goes to CdS, Fixed price model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the event promoter pays all the expenses of the location, logistics and marketing, CdS only invest in creative content creation (about 15 M), Rock and Roll model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cost borne by each party is deducted from the gross revenue and profit is divided as per a pre-determined criteria plus a typical 10 percent of the box office sales goes to royalty to the artists. Fixed Price model is least risky. Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey is interested in a model wherein they will provide the location of Cirqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s choice but CdS would have to act alone in terms of expenses. Turkish Television and Entertainment Society has indicated that there is no constraint on the revenue sharing modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" either fixed price or Rock and roll model whereas the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is interested in only C dS act alone model. Industry Analysis Most of the revenue generation operations of Cirque du Soleil fall under the category of Performing arts industry. Performing arts industry consists of independent artists, contractual artists, entertainment/theme show companies and entertainment complex service companies. The revenue volatility measured for a five year period has been medium i.e. around 5-6 percent change in annual revenues. ( IBISWorld Industry Report 71151 Performers Creative Artists in the US) Key drivers: The performance arts industry depends on demand, the number and size of performances performed. Demand is dependent on the number of consumers, which further depends on the disposable household income, the economy as a whole and available leisure time (Performers Creative Artists in the US, 2013). Per Capita Disposable Income: Per capita disposable income is the major driver for performing arts industry. This income accounts for the in hand salary of people after the taxes. Since, this is an analysis of an international business situation disposable income is better dimension to take into account as compared to income before taxes because taxation policies in different countries are different. As the per capita disposable income increases, the likeliness of people to spend on the live entertainment shows also increases. Source: Britanny Carter Dec 2013, IBISWorld Industry Report 71151 Performers Creative Artists in the US Increasing Alternative Entertainment Options: Increasing alternative entertainment options such as music, theaters, concerts actual decreases the demand for the performing arts industry. This could be the case when the government is supporting these options or when there is significant increase in availability and a decrease in price of alternative entertainment options. Government Spending/Spur: When the government support to the alternative entertainment mediums increases and the growth for the performance arts industry actually decreases. The s upport could be in the form of investment, funding or creating supportive policies to curb the competing industry (Performing arts) and creating policies to spur alternative entertainment mediums. For Cirque du Soleil, this can be related to creating strict censorship policies or encouraging local cultural industry. Time spent on Leisure activities: As performing arts shows have a scheduled timings, hence there is a significant time investment as well from the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective. An increase in the time spent on leisure activities could also lead to greater demand for performing arts industry. For CdS, leisure time availability can be analyzed in terms of number of tourists to a particular location on a leisure trip. Tourists are particularly more likely to spend time on entertainment/leisure sources. Evaluating Turkey as a destination for Cirque du Soleil According to Michael Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model determinants of national advantage (Appendix 4), a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international level strategy to invest at a particular oversees location can be evaluated on the basis of the following factors: Factors of production: These factors include inputs necessary to maintain the competitive advantage and compete at a particular location. The essence of CdS is maintained in its ability to innovate and create astonishing live performing arts shows. Thus, CdS is highly dependent on specialized labor and equipment which contribute to its competitive advantage. The specialized labor and equipment is hard to find in international locations but over the years of performing touring shows all over the world, CdS has been able to develop capabilities to capitalize on logistics2 and technology. The logistics would help to remove the constraint of labor and equipment availability and a partnership from a local organization (as per the p roposal) would further help to mitigate the risk of non/low availability of production inputs. The ability to capitalize technology3 (Online billing systems) would make the billing and revenue collection easier for CdS. Thus, factors of production would not be a concern for CdS. Demand Considerations: This factors includes consumer needs, market size, target segments, cost profitability analysis and industry success factors. As discussed in the Industry Analysis section, the demand is dependent on the market size, leisure time availability, and high disposable income which further depends on employment and economy as a whole. The GDP of Turkey is on a rising trend after the 2008 crisis. In 2009 Turkey had a per capita GDP of 7730.38 in US dollars which was comparatively better than some of the latest successfully toured locations such as China-24028 USD (2008) and Brazil-51219 USD (2008). In 2009, the average core inflation rate in Turkey was about 5.6510 percent signifying that the economy was doing great. The unemployment rate was quite low and in 2011 average monthly disposable income was around 80011 US dollars better off than a majority of the toured destinations of CdS. On top of that, the average income was even higher in Istanbul (Planned show location). We can assume that the average disposable income was approximately the same in 2009 as the GDP was quite constant. Moreover, according to global competiveness index report of 2009, Turkey is transitioning from an efficiency driven economy to innovation driven economy which implies that government is enabling market investments and ensuring smooth flow of goods and services. Speaking about the leisure time availability, in 2007 according to the Turkish ministry of Culture and Tourism 56.3 percent of the tourists came to Turkey came on a leisure trip. This adds to the demand as generated by the availability of leisure time. Further to add to this, the average expenditure per visitor in Turkey in the y ear 2008 was about 708 USD and average expenditure per citizen was about 1132 USD which further substantiates the demand factor. Related and Supported Industries: According to this factor the growth of supporting industries help to provide input demand for an industry. Tourism is a related and supportive industry taken into consideration. The touristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expenditure in Turkey was around 5531.512 Mil USD in 2011 and there was slight increase from 2009 to 2011. The average hotel occupancy in 2009 were around 6512 percent. Turkey is a major tourist destination. According to global competiveness index 2009, Turkey has a domestic market size score rank of 15 and foreign market size score rank of 25 out of 133(world). In 2009, the tourism contributed 9.1 percent to the GDP. The upsurge in tourism gives way to the demand for Cirque du Soleil as well. Firm structure, Strategy and Rivalry: CdS have performed majority of its shows through a partnership. This helps to keep the company private as otherwise it is difficult to raise capital for international shows. A partnership is essential in sharing cost of the show and help to mitigate the risk of losses. Since, there is already a proposal from potential partners in Turkey, partnership would be best way to invest in Turkey. CdS can leverage its partnership to get essential monetary and real estate support for planning a location for its show and also get local expertise to plan the show content thereby avoiding any censorship issues à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Turkey being an Islamic country. The marketing and local governmental issues can also be kept at bay with a partner being involved. Moreover, this helps business expansion at the same time remaining private. This further ties back to their strategy to remain private in order to preserve their competitive advantage of creativity. In terms of competition, the level of operations at which Cirque operates, the barriers to entry are high. The major managerial recommendation would be to enter Turkey through a partnership. Governmental Factor: Recent reforms in fiscal and monetary policies coupled with Turkeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s move towards EU have been helpful to fuel Foreign Direct Investments19. Regarding the taxation laws, the partnership could help to mitigate relevant taxation risks and the ease of getting money out of the country, as Turkey has high income taxation and low corporate taxes19 Recommendation: Based on the considerations as mentioned above, Turkey sounds like a great location for a show. The ideal way to mitigate risks would be to evaluate the partners and plan a short term touring show (15-30 days). A touring show with the fixed price formula would involve less hassles and also serve both as a risk mitigation as well as a business expansion endeavor. If Turkey provided above average returns and the partners are consistent with Cirqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies, then Turkey could become a destination f or a permanent resident show. If Turkey does not provide the necessary returns, it would be easy to pull off as the show is for testing the Turkish waters with no strings attached. In terms of partner/promoter selection, the following is the recommended selection criteria: Is the partnership sustainable Maintenance of creative control with Cirque Potential costs and profit margin Social responsibility of potential partner(as per policies) Experience of promoter Turkish Television and Entertainment (TTE) Society is the largest media group in Turkey and has extensive experience in organizing events. Moreover, there are less restrictions on CdS in terms of creative control and business model as expressed by the proposal. According to the above analysis, TTE sounds a better strategic fit. Implementation timeline According to the analysis as described above, the best recommended timeline from a managerial perspective would be as shown: Note: So far Turkey has been a good source of revenue for CdS17 Appendices Turkey GDP https://www.tradingeconomics.com/turkey/gdp-per-capita Organizational Analysis SWOT Analysis Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s five forces PORTERà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S FIVE (SIX) FORCES Rival Power Med Blue ocean turning slightly red, Unique and strong brand but rivals emerging, High fixed cost of production Supplier Power Med Artists and performers are core strength but with competition emerging and scale of operations increasing at large scale, retentively would be an issue. Still Cirque is a brand that most performers want to be associated with. Barriers to Entry High Difficult to gather capital/partners, strong brand identity of CdS, governmental regulations Buyer Power Low-Med Since, the substitutes are emerging buyer power is increasing. However, the pricing policy is constant still because of the high fixed costs Government Power Med Depends on location but partnership model mitigates the risk of governmental regulations Threat of Substitutes Low-Med There are other forms of performing arts emerging, less priced substitutes are growing Revenue collection methods Michael.E.Porter Determinants of National advantage Source: Hitt et al.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2008) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization References AtoZworldBusiness.com Marie-HÃÆ' ©lÃÆ' ¨ne Jobin and Jean Talbot Tour Planning at Cirque du Soleil https://sapinsider.wispubs.com/Assets/Case-Studies/2011/July/Cirque-Du-Soleil-Drives-Creativity-And-Expansion-With-SAP-Solutions A country has an absolute advantage when it is more efficient than any other country at producing a product ( https://info.wsj.com/college/glossary/intlbusiness.pdf) https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-11569883 https://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/about/global-citizenship/sustainable-development/partners.aspx https://www.kkr.com/sites/default/files/KKR_Insights_121129.pdf IBIS Performers Creative Artists in the US, 2013 https://faculty.tuck.dartmouth.edu/images/uploads/faculty/ron-adner/Cirque_du_Soleil.pdf https://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/gdp-per-capita https://www.tradingeconomics.com/brazil/gdp-per-capita https://www.tradingeconomics.com/turkey/core-inflation-rate https://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10902 Ministry of Culture and Tourism, https://www.kultur.gov.tr/ https://knoema.com/atlas/Turkey/topics/Tourism/Travel-and-Tourism-Total-Contribution-to-GDP/Total-Contribution-to-GDP-Real-growth-percent https://www.gemconsortium.org/Model DTZ.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Turkey hotel market overview 2009 https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-a-brand-name-in-entertainment-sector.aspx?pageID=238nID=31126NewsCatID=383 https://www.todayszaman.com/arts-culture_cirque-du-soleil-set-for-first-ever-turkey-show-in-2011_228677.html https://www.atozworldbusiness.com/ https://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullreport.pdf Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Maxime Aucoin (2009), Cirque du Soleil The High-Wire Act of Building Sustainable Partnerships ibisworld.com.au BUEC 646 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cirque du Soleil Individual Project Page 1 of 14 Navjot Singh

Is The Greatest Honor Any Person Could Ever Have

Defending the United States of America is the greatest honor any person could ever have. Not everyone can join the military due to medical issues, education levels, credit problems, or even criminal backgrounds. For some of those people that can join the military, they find the military is too much for them and end up getting out early due to a chapter or finish out their enlistment and ETS (Expiration Term of Service). Living the military lifestyle is a unique and demanding way of living; even though it can be quite fun and eventful at the same time. There are many changes that every Soldier and their families go through during the course of the military. Whether you are a single Soldier, married Soldier or a single Soldier with dependents the changes can be rough and challenging. Even though there are different branches of the military, the way most Soldiers, Marines, Airmen, Seamen think and act are quite the same. 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Poetry Analysis If by Rudyard Kipling Free Essays

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According to Kipling, getting through this life with all the challenges, good or bad, and making the right choices and being proud of yourself, being happy with your winnings, and learning from your mistakes these will help you achieve the best reward: to be a man (Geofrey, Wansell). Work Cited Geofrey, Wansell. â€Å"The Remarkable Story Behind Rudyard Kipling’s If. † Daily Mail. 15 Feb. 2009. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. Paul, Halsall. â€Å"Modern History Source Book. † Rudyard Kipling: If. July 1998. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. Poetry Foundation. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. Rao, K. Bhaskara. â€Å"Rudyard Kipling. † Critical Survey Of Long Fiction, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-7. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. How to cite Poetry Analysis If by Rudyard Kipling, Essay examples

Challenges Faced By Woolworths Group Limited-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges faced by Woolworths Group limited. Answer: Introduction The report deals with the Woolworths Group limited an Australia based organisation that is listed under ASX (Australian securities exchange). It is one of the top 100 companies listed under ASX (Asx 2018). In Australia the Woolworths Group limited own supermarkets named as Woolworths supermarkets. It was founded in 1924 and currently it accounts to eighty per cent of the Australian market (Woolworths Ltd 2018). It operates as food and liquor merchandise retailer. The products offered by the company are packaged food, vegetables, fruits, magazines, beauty products, baby products, pet supplies and other household products. Woolworth is also available currently as online shopping portal and there are more than 1000 stores in the country (Woolworthsgroup.com.au 2018). The aim of the report is to highlight the current challenges faced by the organisation and managerial implications. The purpose is to apply the theoretical knowledge in resolving the real world business issue. The report in volves collection of secondary data in this context and analyse the marketing and communication approaches to suggest appropriate situations. Objectives The aim of the research is to learn the current business problem of Woolworths and analyse approaches taken by the organisation. The objective of the research are- To identify the business problem of Woolworths Group limited Analyse the problem using the integrated marketing communication approaches of Woolworths Recommend effective solutions to resolve the business issue Methodology The methodology used for the research is qualitative study. Literature review is used for collecting the secondary data. It is the tool to gain current knowledge on the chosen topic along with substantive findings, theoretical and methodological contributions (Neuman and Robson 2014). For this purpose the, review of books, journal articles, and news articles will be conducted. The key terms used for the literature search are, Woolworths Group limited, business issue Woolworths, Woolworths challenges, and integrated marketing communication Woolworths and IMC Woolworths. Boolean operators such as OR and AND are used for effective research in database. The inclusion criteria for the literature review are papers and news articles published in English, in between 2012-2018 and on Woolworths Australia. Australian based journals are used for this purpose. The rationale for choosing the range of the date is the availability of the significant data in this period and chance of obtaining bulk of data. Since recent challenges of the organisation may not be available in journal articles, the news articles are also considered. Before proceeding with the journal articles, the relevance of each of them is scrutinised by review of its abstract, full text followed by its references. Results and findings The current business problem faced by Woolworths is the slow consumer cycle and slowing growth in the market. It led to shift of the consumer focus towards fresh foods and broader grocery categories, which does not appear to be optimistic (Janda 2018). It is due to lack of product innovation and creativity, the company is not able to communicate with the stakeholders. The customers are unsatisfied (HA Bijmolt et al. 2014). There is clearly lack of integration of marketing communication strategies at different levels of management (Ellis and Waller 2017). For the last two years, the grocery has been challenging for Woolworth as the company has not communicated with variety of target audiences (Pulker et al. 2018). Further, there has been less volume growth (InsideFMCG 2018). Since, last two years there is no improvement in the stock loss rates. There is the slowing market growth observed with lack of robust marketing and communication strategies (Kurnia et al. 2015). According to Irvine and Moerman (2017), the growing challenges have led the organisation to reduce the price of shares from $30 to $27. As per the analysts, the margins appear to shrink in the key Australian Food and Liquor division (Gilbert, Stafford and Sehgal 2016). As per Knox (2015), there is an increasing pressure building on the margins due to increasing competition from the Coles and Aldi. There is an increase in pressure to look outside the Australian food and liquor business. The multiple pressures on earning is evident from the cut on the earnings per share by 2% and 3% in financial year 2015 and 2016 (Janda, 2018). Analysis of the integrated marketing communication approaches Integrated marketing communication or IMC is an approach to plan business communications that yields profitable results. It is possible by reducing the marketing costs and intense campaigns. Different components of IMC are sales promotion, sponsorship, advertisements, public relations, product placemats, online marketing and direct marketing (Barker 2012). Analysing the 4 Ps marketing mix concept, promotion is one of the P. Promotions can be successful using different mix off communication tools, provided they work in harmony. A maximum communication impact can be achieved by integrating tools such as direct mail, sales promotions, advertisements, telemarketing, and use of social media. It helps maintain the clarity with the stakeholders (Armstrong et al. 2014). According to Grimmer (2017) Woolworth takes approach of too many stock-outs. The company is investing huge amount of money in advertisements. The primary component of the marketing mix is advertisement as it helps reach the mass target. It has invested money in various loyalty schemes, such as petrol pump discounts. It uses intense campaign methods such as Fresh Food People campaign (1987-2012). Other methods are use of online media for extensive promotions, magazines, and promotion through newsletters. The company ensures lucrative discounts, and extensive deals, and also prom ote through gift cards and celebrities. It has been successful in attracting huge crowd by online stores. Target segment is reached by extensive promotional channel. Further, its presence in the market has increased through physical evidence such as billboards and hoardings and distribution of bags with its name and logo in the shop.These strategies have markedly increased the sales and popularity of the food and liquor product. Analysing the Woolworths promotional strategy as a part of marketing mix, several key issues were identified. There is lack of integration in the head office. In Woolworths, there is confusion in regards to allocating price investment between promotion and everyday low prices. As a consequence, the supply chain department and the procurement are not well connected with the marketing department. Considering the present crisis, its supply chain is not focusing on efficiency and cost cutting to reduce unnecessary expenses. Currently it is not having the strong supply chain support. This outcome is surprising despite heavy investment in the different advertising streams starting from television ads to lucrative discounts. Thus, the brand image is lowering and shift in customer focus. The company has not taken steps for promotional uplift or buy additional products which indicate overlooking the IMC principles (Fernie, Fernie and Moore 2015). IMC also requires innovation and accountability integration. This approach was used by the Woolworths and was evident from the announcement made by CEO in 2016 to recapture the innovation and customer focus. The company intrinsically focused on its resources and has also invested 150million dollars to overcome the grocery challenges. However, even after one year the strategy did not lead to increase in growth in the Australian market. There is no focus on the product innovation since last two years (Methner et al. 2015). Focusing on the customer contact and single voice relationships consist one of the distinguishing feature of IMC (Yeshin 2012). On relating the same with Woolworth it was found that the premium customers were not interested in the discounts. They were interested in convenience and were major part of the Sunday Convenience consumer base (InsideFMCG 2018). However, Woolworths focused more on the everyday customers rather than the premium ones. Both the above drawbacks can be considered the cause of slow consumer cycle and slow market growth rate of Woolworths. Communications were not wrapped around the buying process of the customers. It consequently hampered the brand values and client relationships. There is a decreasing market power of the company with the increasing competition. The company is failing in innovation and sustain its differentiated image of quality (Bowles et al. 2016). There is a need of company to focus more on branding and marketing although it had earlier created an image of healthy product range. Upon analysing the online marketing approach of Woolworth as a part of IMC, it can be said that online shopping service seems to be incompetent and is diverting the customers attention to other competitors products. The technological factors need to be improved. There has been an instance where the customer has paid the bill via credit card and the company could not deliver the desired product. Therefore, online marketing should be more innovative to enhance the customer retention (Humayun 2016). Recommendations Analysing the above approaches of Woolworths indicate managerial implications. Managers must emphasise on integration during creative sessions and annual reviews. It implies for the managers to ensure that the different members from advertising, marketing, sales promotions are integrating their messages. This process requires good internal marketing. The managers must ensure crystal clear communication strategy linking core values of the organisation to add brand value (Yeshin 2012). Applying the innovation adoption model, it is recommended for the company to spend a huge part of promotional expenses on consumers to share information on products. It can boost sales by introducing new products and attracting new customers for purchase, by creating cohesive brand. It is advised to promote using celebrities for premium label products. Since the quality of the products offered by the organization is same as that of its competitors, it must focus more on campaigns such as, Always at Woolworths, and iconic Fresh Food People campaign. New campaign can be on drop in product prices (Yeshin 2012). In addition to the better convenience, the company must focus on superior freshness of the products. It will prevent the customers to focus on competitors products. The company must continue to deliver the liquor growth by giving innovative offers for every occasion. Innovation and customers trust will help the company gain the sustainable sales momentum and increase the growth ( Keith 2012). The company must invest highly for promoting through mobile apps, websites with pages for different products and categories, and virtual stores to promote its presence among new customers. A regular redesign of websites during occasions such special buys, Fathers day or special offer week will help retain customer focus and beat the competition. The websites use more significant potential keywords to increase traffic to site. As per the Ansoffs matrix, product development or generating more modified products would beneficial in current situation. It will increase the market penetration (Methner et al. 2015). The company has been focusing on lean retail model to sustain competition in new market since 2015. It is recommended to increase the cost saving initiatives to increase the customer experience in the non customer-facing areas. There is a need of strong focus on the capital management for growth. It is suggested to increase the investment in the online pricing system, online marketing and collection points to increase the multi-channel customer experiences (Spillan and Ling 2015). It can develop the current market by branding and extensive advertisement campaigns and through Facebook, Instagram and other social media platform. This platform is easy way to help existing customers to invite new people, allow people to post photos of stores or create funny hashtags on Instagram. Social media campaign is easy way to inform customers about new products now available at stores and keep engaging them by directing to product survey forms (Keith 2012). Applying the information processing model, it is suggested to motivate consumers by providing information that will influence their purchasing decisions. Telemarketing would be more effective then personal selling and advertising (Batra and Keller 2016). Guerrilla marketing involving low cost tactics and innovation would give memorable experienced to the customers. Like ALDI it can engage in email marketing for featuring new products on occasions such as mothers day or offers on chocolates during festival (Leibold and Hugo 2015). Applying the financial and strategic integration as a part of the four stage of model IMC, the company must focus on low profit margin. Only by revising the pricing strategy, the company can target the large segment of the market as it is the capital intensive industry (Kitchen and Burgmann 2015). Changing the pricing and the range strategy may neutralise the Coles and Aldis impact on Woolworths sales. The companys pricing strategy should be changed to accom modate the customers needs, brand awareness and gain cost advantage (Fernie and Sparks 2014). Using technology integration as a part of this model, the company must use database to track the customer response to emails or social media updates can help effective IMC. It can design attractive homepage on mobile like Aldi to increase visitors. This approach will help in collecting and sharing vital information related to customers throughout the buying life (Kumar and Reinartz 2012). Conclusion The report is the outcome of the current challenge of Woolworth. It has been ranked one of the most popular retailing industries. However, recently, the challenges faced by Woolworths are the slowing consumer cycle and market growth due to defective IMC approaches. For the last two years, the grocery has been challenging for Woolworth and a slowing market growth observed. The IMC strategies need to be modified as the recent downturn is due to ineffective integration of the marketing and communication tools in different level of management. The company must come up with innovative and competitive strategy to sustain it competitive position. It is recommended to focus more on the product development using innovation model, information processing model, marketing and promotion, capital management, strong supply chain support, financial and strategic integration, technological integration, and lean retail model References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=UKyaBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Principles+of+marketing.ots=RXoiSKQ1ctsig=fszu3eaboEFssG7GNhRWnpHQtM0#v=onepageq=Principles%20of%20marketing.f=false Asx (2018).ASX 100 List - Data for ASX Top 100 Companies. [online] Asx100list.com. Available at: https://www.asx100list.com/ [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Batra, R. and Keller, K.L., 2016. Integrating Marketing Communications: New findings, new lessons, and new ideas.Journal of Marketing,80(6), pp.122-145. Bowles, M.S., Harris, J. and Wilson, P.T., 2016. Leadership Capabilities for Agile Organisations: Mining Leadership Frameworks Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,7(11), pp.10-23. Ellis, R.B. and Waller, D.S., 2017. Marketing education at the University of Melbourne.History of Education Review,46(1), pp.95-106. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=8O4hAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR5dq=woolworths+supply+chain+ots=4A-uwNYqdosig=hVuuUHaWRFyQutx4z7o0RFJdvMk#v=onepageq=woolworths%20supply%20chainf=false Fernie, J., Fernie, S. and Moore, C., 2015.Principles of retailing. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=n2qhCAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=principles+of+retailing+ots=quBR5bCN5Hsig=XhbUDzOJDoPIlcVie-l6ZNsRQCk#v=onepageq=principles%20of%20retailingf=false Gilbert, B., Stafford, C. and Sehgal, A., 2016. Australian supermarkets: UBS/ARGC survey.UBS Australia. Grimmer, L., 2017. Is it so hard to say sorry? Revisiting image restoration theory in the context of Australian supermarkets.Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal,18, pp.17-32. HA Bijmolt, T., KRE Huizingh, E. and Krawczyk, A., 2014. Effects of complaint behaviour and service recovery satisfaction on consumer intentions to repurchase on the internet.Internet Research,24(5), pp.608-628. Humayun, S.H., 2016. Merchandising operation of Woolworths Global Sourcing. InsideFMCG (2018).Woolworths boss details grocery challenges - Inside FMCG. [online] Inside FMCG. Available at: https://insidefmcg.com.au/2017/02/23/woolworths-boss-details-grocery-challenges/ [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Irvine, H. and Moerman, L., 2017. Gambling with the public sphere: Accountings contribution to debate on social issues.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,48, pp.35-52. Janda, M. (2018).Woolworths shares more likely to fall than rise: UBS. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-26/woolworths-supermarket-struggle-not-over-yet-ubs/7660804 [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Keith, S., 2012. Coles, Woolworths and the local.Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies,2, pp.47-81. Kitchen, P.J. and Burgmann, I., 2015. Integrated marketing communication: Making it work at a strategic level.Journal of Business Strategy,36(4), pp.34-39. Knox, M., 2015.Supermarket monsters: The price of Coles and Woolworths' dominance(Vol. 6). Black Inc.. Kumar, V. and Reinartz, W., 2012. Campaign Management. InCustomer Relationship Management(pp. 207-234). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Kurnia, S., Hill, S., Rahim, M.M., Larsen, K. and Braun, P., 2015. Food Hubs in Australia: Benefits, Challenges and Potential IT Contributions. InPACIS(p. 123). Leibold, M. and Hugo, R., 2015. A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Emerging Markets and Business Strategies in the Multicultural South African Environment. InProceedings of the 1996 Multicultural Marketing Conference(pp. 172-177). Springer, Cham. Mehta, K., Phillips, C., Ward, P., Coveney, J., Handsley, E. and Carter, P., 2012. Marketing foods to children through product packaging: prolific, unhealthy and misleading.Public Health Nutrition,15(9), pp.1763-1770. Methner, N., Hamann, R. and Nilsson, W., 2015. The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. InThe Business of Social and Environmental Innovation(pp. 87-104). Springer, Cham. Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2014.Basics of social research. Pearson Canada. Pulker, C.E., Scott, J.A. and Pollard, C.M., 2018. Ultra-processed family foods in Australia: nutrition claims, health claims and marketing techniques.Public health nutrition,21(1), pp.38-48. Spillan, J.E. and Ling, H.G., 2015, January. Woolworths: An Adizes Corporate Lifecycle Perspective. InBusiness History Conference. Business and Economic History On-line: Papers Presented at the BHC Annual Meeting(Vol. 13, p. 1). Business History Conference. Woolworths Ltd., 2018.Woolworths Ltd - Retail. [online] Ibisworld.com.au. Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/australian-company-research-reports/retail-trade/woolworths-ltd-company.html [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Woolworthsgroup., 2018.Woolworths Group: Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing. [online] Woolworthsgroup.com.au. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/ [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Yeshin, T., 2012.Integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=87Enjc0jiKMCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=Integrated+marketing+communicationots=4bI828siQMsig=FUD-1hS7aYK5vVcVBrFnyIOhkR8#v=onepageq=Integrated%20marketing%20communicationf=false

Intolerance in Nigeria free essay sample

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between religion and sustainable development, as well as the role of Nigerian intellectuals in ameliorating religious crisis in the country. Religion, as a system of faith is based on belief in the existence of a particular God or gods, to some extent, influences or contributes in developing and coordinating the expression of the capacities latent in human nature for the progress of the society. All the elements that made up the resources originating from human are expressed in their actions, behaviour and daily activities, either in positive and constructive ways, or in a negative and destructive ways, especially with respect to their inherent power to generate value by leveraging other production variables for economic growth and development. Empirical results obtained, using descriptive analysis approach, indicate that religion plays an important role in shaping the moral and social values necessary for development. Based on these findings, some recommendations are offered which include: Re-examine education policies in the light of its contribution to individual growth and to bring about fundamental structural changes in society, changes which are necessary for the creation of a just, peaceful, and harmonious environment, hence teachers and other intellectuals must be a model of nobility, selfactualization and discipline, since sound character is ultimately more important than intellectual brilliance. We will write a custom essay sample on Intolerance in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Keywords: Religion, Economic growth, Amelioration, Tolerance and Intellectuals. INTRODUCTION A religion can be broadly described as a set of common belief and practices generally held by a group of people. Oxford Learner Dictionary described religion as a system of faith that is based on belief in the existence of a particular God or gods. According to Oke, Oloruntimehin and Akinola (1996), it is generally accepted by social scientists that people’s religious beliefs and their social organizations are closely interrelated. They quoted Emile, as noted that religion is a social artifact symbolizing what a society considers sacred and the most sacred thing to any society is the society itself. In view of this, religion provides an organized picture of the universe and establishes a more or less orderly relationship between man and his surroundings. Early economists and other researchers have paid little attention to any link between religion and economic development, rather it is seen as something personal between man and his God. The early relationship between religion and economic was established by Marx, who was of the opinion that the strength of an economy would influenced a religion or belief. However, the like of Max Weber, an eminent sociologist of early 20th century was of contra opinion. According to him, the source of the growth of the western economy is religion, especially the reformation of protestant and its doctrine about 40 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. simplicity and moral responsibility to work (Skousen, 2007). Weber Marx (1930), believe that capitalism originated from religious ideals and not historical materialism. Specifically, the protestant reformation teachings changed the western culture, and led to the rise of capitalism, which in turn led to the growth and development of their economy. Islam as a religion also played a positive role in the development of the Arab society and transformed it to such a remarkable extent that it not only overcame its own handicaps but also brought about a revolutionary change in the societies that came under its influence (Charpra, 1998). Barro and McCleary (2003) suggested that higher rates of religious beliefs stimulate growth because they help to sustain the aspect of individual behaviour that enhances productivity. The higher number of church or mosque attendance, for instance, tends to depressed growth because it signifies a greater use of esources including land, buildings and other capital, by the religious sector. However, that suppression of growth is tempered by the extent to which church or mosque attendance leads to greater religion beliefs, which in turn encourages economic growth. In Nigeria, traditional communities are essentially religious. In these communities, religion is kinship based because it governs the peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s lineage or family relationships; it governs the doctrine of collective responsibility and forms the basis of the family, which in turn is the basic unit of social control. Indeed, religion is so important in the society as a form of social control because of people’s adherence to religion, whether traditional, Christian or Islam (Ikporukpo, 2001), which are the recognized religions in Nigeria, though the last two are more pronounced. Christianity and Islam, especially have a great influence on the daily lives of Nigerians, and plays a significant role in the socio-political and economic development. According to Nwite and Wilson (2010), churches in Nigeria has contributed immensely to the economic development of the country through investment in different sectors of the economy like real estate, capital market, shopping complex and schools. The essence of economic and human development embodied health, for which life expectancy is taken as a reasonable gauge; knowledge, which is expressed as a combination of literacy rates and average years of schoolings; and per capital income (Lynn, 2001). Any effort put forward towards the development of these determining factors would amount to stirring the economy towards development. Given the foregoing, the paper proposes to critically examine/analyses: i. The contribution of religion to the education sector in Nigeria. ii. The role of religion in the development of health sector in Nigeria. iii. The role of religion towards creation of job opportunities in Nigeria. iv. The role of religion and Nigerian Intellectuals in socio-ethnic crisis in Nigeria. To this end, the paper is organized into five sections. Following this introduction is section II, which focuses on conceptual issues. Section III discusses the role of religion on economic development in Nigeria. Section IV analyses the role of religion on socio-ethnic crisis in Nigeria, while section V summarises the findings and offer policy recommendation. 41 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 CONCEPTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT There are different conceptions of development. First, it could be viewed as the development of the mind in which case the humanity of man is no longer subjugated to nature, but has transcended the confines of nature to progressively understand the whole of the world in order to be able to develop from it an environment which is most suitable for him. Moreso, economic development means sustained and sustainable growth per capita income, accompanied by diversification of production, reduction in absolute poverty, and expanding economic opportunities for all citizens (Lynn, 2003). The definition implies an economic growth which can be maintained over a long period of time. Moreso it requires diversification of economic activities so that the nation can be producing variety of goods and services, with the economy gradually progressing from primary, to secondary and then to tertiary economy. This should be able to create an expanding opportunities for people to make a choice of work and earn income through which they can improve their lives and able to participate in the social life of the community. Most importantly, there should be reduction in the level of absolute poverty in the country. The conception of development also connote growth with changes, which usually demands significant structural transformation within a country, and that includes the reorganization and reorientation of the economic and social systems, radical arrangements in installations and administrative structures, as well as reorientations in popular attitudes, customs and belief (Ogunkola and Egwaikhide, 2001). In contemplating development, more than access to goods and services is at stake. As such, in measuring level of development, the Physical Quality of Life (PQL) is considered, and it is equal weighting of an infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and basic literacy. However the United Nations Development’s version of development measurement refers to as Human Development Index (HDI) incorporates an income measure. All these elements considered in measuring the level of development of a nation are subject of level of development of the health and educational sectors, where the eligious sectors in Nigeria has contributed, as can be seen in the Holy Scriptures. For instance: Both religions in Nigeria, that is, Christianity and Islam recognize that the created universe is subjected to man for the enrichment and fulfillment of his life (Quran 45:12-13, 14:32-34 and Genesis 1:26-28). More so, contrary to the view that religion only emphasis faith and not works, the Bible and Qur’an invite men to labour and action (Qur’an 13: 11, 2:275 and Exodus 20 :9, Proverbs 16:3, 2. Thessalonians 3:10). All the elements that made up the resources originating from human are expressed in their actions, behaviour and daily activities, either in positive and constructive ways, or in a negative and destructive ways (Zainun, 2006), especially with respect to their inherent power to generate value by leveraging other production variables for economic growth development. In carrying out development activities, religion provides some code of norms and obligations which subject man to regulations necessary for the progress of the society. 2 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. The Role of Religion in Nigerian Economic Development Religion has contributed much to development of human race, and it will be totally absurd to ignore the contributions of religion, especially Christianity and Islam. Both religious communities have become the key determinants of history and destiny of the nation, and its vast population, as well as deciding the course of development and building of the nation. Religion is given a reasonable degree of recognition by governments of Nigeria and some other countries as a major factor determining the stability of a nation. The roles of religion in economic development are more pronounced in the educational and health sectors, as well as creation of job opportunities. The Role of Religion in Educational Sector in Nigeria Education is a continuous and creative process which aimed at developing the capacities latent in human nature, and coordinate their expression for the enrichment and progress of ociety, by equipping students with spiritual, moral and material knowledge. Education in terms of the knowledge, qualities, skills, attitudes and capacities that enable individuals to become conscious subjects of their growth and active responsible participants in a systemic process of building a new world order. In Nigeria, Christian missions pioneered the establishment of primary and secondary schools, and ever since then the two religions, that is, C hristianity and Islam, have played a significant role in the establishment of schools in Nigeria. As the primary schools and their products multiplied, secondary schools were established to satisfy the demand for higher education. The Catholic Missionary Society (CMS) established the C. M. S. Grammar School in Lagos in 1859, followed by the Methodist Boys’ High School in 1879 and St. Gregory’s College, established by the Catholic in 1881. It is on this foundation that secondary schools education has rested in Nigeria (Olurode, 1999). Many other religion based secondary schools later emerged. These include, Ahmadiyya Grammar School, Anwar-Ul-Islam Grammar School, St. Theresa College, Islamic High School, Ebira Muslim Community College among many. The religious sector in Nigeria is also involved in establishment of higher institutions, to enhance government effort towards educational development. Among the religion based private higher institutions in Nigeria are listed in table 1. 0 below: Table 1. 0 Some religion based private higher institutions in Nigeria S/N Institution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. Bowen University, Iwo-Osun State Fountain University, Osogbo- Ondo state Founder/Sponsor The Baptist NASFAT Islam Bishop Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo – Anglican Churches Oyo state Al-Hikama University, Ilorin – Kwara State Islamic Foundation (AROIF) and Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY) Redeemer University, Lagos state The Redeemed Churches Wesley University of Technology, Ondo The Methodist churches State. Covenant University, Lagos state Living Faith Church World 43 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 . 10. Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Osun state Christ Apostolic Church VERITAS University (Catholic University of The Catholic Churches Nigeria), Abuja. Source: Culled by the authors from lists of private universities in Nigeria The Contribution of Religion to the Health Sector in Nigeria The spread of western ideas including medicine and social welfare also owed much to the advent of religion in Nigeria. According to Olurode (1997), by the end of the nineteen century, the hospital; was as effective as the school. By 1914, various missions had established hospitals such as the C. M. S. Iyi Enu Hospital near Onitsha, the Wesley Guide Hospital in Ilesha, the Baptist Hospital in Ogbomosho and the Sacred Heart Hospital of the Society for African Missions in Abeokuta. Missionary involvement had, as its aim, the eradication of superstitious beliefs about such diseases as smallpox. In Yoruba land, for instance, the god of smallpox shoponna had a strong hold on the people which took western medicine, specifically vaccines to break. Even where orthodox medicine failed, some religion has been playing a significant role to proffer spiritual solution to cure illness. The Role of Religion and Nigerian Intellectuals on Socio-ethnic Crisis in Nigeria According to UNHCR (2008) as quoted by Saheed and Alofun (2010), since 1999, more than 10,000 Nigerians have been killed and more properties worth billions of naira have been destroyed in sectarian and communal attacks and reprisals between Muslims and Christians. The most serious of these clashes occurred in Kaduna state in February and May 2000, and November 2002; Jos, Plateau state in September 2001; Kano state and Yelwa, Plateau state between February and May, 2004; and in the northern and southeastern Nigeria in the wake of the controversy over depictions of the Prophet Muhammad in the Danish press in February 2006. Table 2. 0. Some of the Religious Crises in Nigeria in the last one decade Date Events Victims Sept. 2001 July, 2007 Sept. 2007 Dec. 2007 Dec. 2008 July, 2009 Violent clashes between Muslims and Christians in 3,000 people killed Jos, Plateau state. Violent clashes between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims over 5 people killed the murder of a Sunni cleric in Sokoto Rioting in the northern state of Kano 19 people killed Three churches burned in the northern state of 10 people killed Bauchi Violent clashes over disputed election result which 400 people killed degenerated into religion crisis in Jos, Plateau state Two days battle with radical Islamists in two northern 150 people killed cities of Yobe and Bauchi Source: Culled by the Authors from the records of UNHCR, GlobalSecurity. org and Mail and Guardian online, 2009 44 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. and Alofun, G. O. O. All these events, as shown in table 2. 0 above, have a negative effect on Nigerian economy in terms of capital and loss of lives, especially manpower or human resources with high productivity potentials. In each of these events the role of Nigerian intellectuals calls for question. In the two widely acknowledged religions in Nigeria, that is, the Christianity and Islam, the leaders are intellectuals who are well educated, many of whom are holders of various degrees ranging from bachelor, to masters and even doctorate. They are very influential among their followers and the congregations. Their words are like policy within that congregation. They are leaders who are supposed to articulate an ideological vision congruent with deeply held value of the country. They are supposed to engage in alignment, with interpretive orientations such that the country’s interest, value and belief as well as these religions activities, goals and ideology becomes congruent and complementary. Universal education must be relevant to he true needs of a community and contribute to the unification of mankind, in such a way that it will enable the people to move in the direction of their own chosen field and help them appreciate those universal qualities that distinguish the human race (Saheed, 2008). However, a situation where misunderstanding between two people in a community degenerated into communal clashes that claimed several lives, or members of congregation dispersed from their places of worship and created anarchy in the street, then the impact of the message of such religion leader becomes questionable. Is it a sermon of peace or hatred? CONCLUSION AND POLICY ISSUES Religion, especially Christianity and Islam, to some extent, has contributed to economic development either indirectly, by influencing and coordinate the expression of the capacities latent in human nature for the progress of the society, and by shaping the moral and social values necessary for development, or directly by its contribution to the growth of the educational and health sectors in Nigeria. However, religious intolerance among the people which often lead to crisis claiming several lives and destruction of properties has a negative impact on Nigerian economy. Adherents of the religious communities, to some extent, have lost focus of their responsibility towards nation building, and are embraced vices such religious fanaticism or intolerance and its attendant problems such as unending intensive strives, fight of superiority, loss of human and material resources. To promote religious tolerance towards national development, the religious communities in Nigeria must wake up to their responsibilities in home so that the problem of moral decadence plaguing the nation will radically reduced. Since many Nigerian families are facing the pangs of unemployment, inability to pay their children and wards school fees among other hardships, the religious bodies should resume their pioneering work in the area of health, education, industry and vocational training to assist the nation, especially in the area of human development. Education should be examined in the light of its contribution to individual growth and to bring about fundamental structural changes in society, changes which are necessary for the creation of a just, peaceful, and harmonious environment, hence teachers and other intellectuals must be a model of nobility, self-actualisation and discipline, since sound character is ultimately more important than intellectual brilliance. A well educated community 45 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 ember is a determined yet humble participant, who helps overcome conflict and division thereby contributing to a spirit of unity and collaboration. Therefore, Nigerian education, like a universal education, must be relevant to the needs of the Nigerian communities and contribute to the unification of the people of Nigeria, regardless of their religion and race. It must enable the people both to move in the direction of their choice and help them appreciate those universal q ualities that distinguish the entire human race. REFERENCE Barro, J. B. and McClear, R. M. 2003), Religion and Growth, Havard University Press, U. S. A Ikporukpo, C. O. (2001). Government, Society and Economy. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig. ) Ltd. Lynn, S. R. (2003). Development Economics: World. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River Theory and Practice for a Divided Nwite, S. C. and Wilson, A. (2010). Churches in Nigeria and Investment Strategies: Problems and Prospect. Book of Abstract. Second World Congress on Research and Development, University of Ibadan. Oke, F. A. , et al. (1996). Introduction to Social Institutions. Ibadan: Akinlabi Fayinmi Ventures. Saheed, Z. S. (2008). Ebira: What Our Problems Is. http://jakomodebiravonyainternational. blogspot. com The Ebiras and the World. Saheed, Z. S. and Alofun, G. O. O, (2010). Nigeria, Five Decades of Sovereignty: Rich But Poor. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Development Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1. Skousen, M. , (2007). Modern Economics Theories. Indonesia: Prenada Media Group Publication. Sushmit, N. (2007). Religion Economic www. mpra. ub. uni-muechen. de/8181 Growth and Development. MPRA. Zainun, B. (2001). Indonesia Human Resources Development. Jakarta: PT. Gunung Agung Tbk. 46

Ibsens A Dolls House essays

Ibsens' A Dolls House essays Key Question: Did Nora make the right decision? Why or why not? Nora and Helmers relationship in Ibsens play, A Dolls House, is a very fictitious relationship. The way Nora is treated, called names, and bossed around, degrades the female society. Feminism lurks throughout the whole play. The idea that women are nothing but a house pet is interpreted through Nora by Helmer. Helmer as egotistical as he is, uses and plays Nora like a toy for his own benefits, to look good in front of his co-workers and friends. A Doll, an empty headed play thing, was what Nora was living as under Helmers roof. The light shines on Nora one day and knocks some sense into her about the dirty self-degrading life she was living, and so she leaves Helmer and her children. Yes, Nora did make the right decision because she needed to take control of her own life and do as she pleases. She needed to teach herself how to survive on her own, make money for her own self. She did it for the better of her children. Didnt you tell me no one had been here? [shakes his finger at her.] My little songbird must never do that again. A songbird must have a clean beak to chirp with-no false notes! (Ibsen 25) Controlled, treated like a child, called names by Torvald and Nora does nothing about it as if she feared him or was hiding something from him just as the time she hid the macaroons from him. Nora is not a little girl, she deserves the respect as an adult and not be called names and referred to as a little squirrel or spendthrift. The only reason Nora probably stayed with Torvald for so long was because she needed him for various reasons, but mainly for money. Yes, Torvald, I cant get along a bit without your help. (Ibsen 26) Torvald took advantage of her helplessness for his own little schemes. ...as a matter of course he will come to dinner with us. However, I will ask him when he comes in t ...

Business Law - S 18 of the Australian Consumer Law within the Essay - 2

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Importance of Innovation and Change Within an Organization

Importance of Innovation and Change Within an Organization In todays constantly changing world, change and innovation play an extremely important role within any organization. New technologies like faster software and hardware and improved manufacturing systems are increasing production and changing the way we do business across the globe. Newly advancing markets such as China and India are becoming more and more capitalistic, opening the door for corporations to come and do business. There are multiple elements when dealing with innovation and change within an organization. The first element is how an organization can change successfully which consists of the steps that are needed and the process that makes change happen. The next element is technological change, which is how organizations adapt and implement new technology. From new technology, organizations come up with our next element, new products and services. As these organizations become larger and larger there is the need for strategy and structure change as well as cultural change s. These two elements often go hand in hand and can be some of the most difficult to change. There are five key factors when looking at what is necessary for successful change. The first is ideas. In order to bring about change you need to have a new idea or thought. Creativity, innovation and outside-the-box thinking play a huge role here. Often times some of the best ideas can come from the least likely places. A study conducted by Daniel Tzabbar and his team, found that high levels of collaboration promotes innovation, as it encourages a free flow of ideas among people who must work together to discover new solutions to problems. (Tzabbar 17) With this being said, many new ideas come from the collaborations of groups and individuals within an organization. The second factor is need. There must be a perceived need for change. Constantly changing structures, strategies, or culture can actually be a bad thing if overused. If a specific change is going to take place, there needs to be an identifiable reason in order to make that specific change necessary. On the other hand, an organization that fails to realize the need for change is doomed for failure. It is the responsibility of upper management to be responsive and aware of when change is needed but not so sensitive that change becomes excessive. An article entitled Change for Changes Sake offers and interesting view on the topic of knowing when to change. According to the article, an organization periodically needs to shake itself up regardless of the external environment. The authors argue that a few things happen when an organization does not change enough. First, companies that are organized around a single criterion such as function, product, or market, tend to only communicate with themselves and not with the other units thus making them slow to adapt to changes in the environment. Next organizations are likely to get entrenched in a routine way of thinking, failing to realize new opportunities and the possibility of threats. Finally, organizations become extremely inefficient at allocating resources. In order to combat these factors, organizations should change structures every so often to keep itself ready to react quickly to its environment. (Vermeulen et. al. 70-76) The third factor is adoption. After the new ideas have been thought of on how to change and there is a perceived need for that change, a new idea is chosen. Now that an idea has been chosen it is time to put that idea into practice. This brings us to our next factor, implementation. According to Scott Sonenshein of Rice University Implementing strategic change is one of the most important undertakings of an organization. Successful implementation of strategic change can reinvigorate a business, but failure can lead to catastrophic consequences. (Sonenshein 477). Management must have a rock solid plan on how they want to implement change. A project management approach is the most successful approach when implementing such change, with the definition of clear success measures being important. (Oakland, Tanner 2) The final factor is resources. Through human energy and activity the idea is implemented and kept alive. People are the most important resource and the essential contributors to successful change, without them, change cannot happen. It is important that your employees are thoroughly trained and understand what is being changed and why. Empowering them with this knowledge will only enhance and increase the possibility of successful implementation of the changes set forth. Within an organization there is always the need for developing, acquiring, and adopting new technology. New technologies are always coming about and have a tremendous impact on organizations. The main approach to technological change is the ambidextrous approach. This combines both the organic and mechanistic structures. Under the ambidextrous approach there are numerous options of how to bring about new technology. Switching structures brings people from different areas of an organization together to share ideas and technology with each other. Creative departments consist of a research and development department. The sole duty of this department is to come up with new technology and test new technologies to ensure they will be useful for the organization. Another popular option is the use of venture teams. Venture teams are essentially their own organization within an organization. They often have their own separate location and structure in order to develop new technologies. In addition to RD and venture teams, another way to increase technological knowledge and bring about technology change is to acquire technology from external sources. Procter Gamble provides an excellent example of interorganizational technology transfer. Roughly half of new product development projects involve key ideas from external sources. Procter Gamble also uses an active licensing strategy of their own technological advances to generate millions in annual licensing revenue. Pharmaceuticals are notorious for using this type of strategy to bring about technological change within their organizations. (Lichtenthaler 2) Despite the great amount of success achieved by these firms, most organizations are still timid about sharing their own technological advances. They fear that by doing so, it will allow their competitors access to their own competitive advantage. While this may be true in some instances, it appears that interorganizational technology transfer can actually benefit organizations and ultimately consumers. While there are certain exceptions, new products and services are usually the direct result of new technology and coming up with new products and services is vital for success in todays markets. As markets evolve so should your products or services. The question of how to create and present new products now arises. Michelle Karas offers 11 steps that help organizations answer this complex and challenging question. Step one is to analyze the situation. Evaluate your environment and current product position and then identify your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The next step is to explore and research product needs. Brainstorm ideas, have an open mind and write down all ideas. Figure out what your customers needs are and your competitors limitations. Step three is to determine usage and identify what market you want to target with your product. Step four calls for developing a prototype. This entails converting an idea into an actual product and determining the produc ts specifications, features and benefits. Step five is to determine the price based on your objectives. Testing the product or service is the next step and is absolutely crucial to its success. It is also important to ensure that all operations within your business can fully support the product. (Karas 32-34) After the product has been thoroughly tested, it is time to establish sales goals. Identify target sales goals, and whether or not these goals are realistic and obtainable. The next step involves developing a marketing plan for both internal and external markets that achieves the goals set forth earlier. Step nine is training and educatin employees. Ensure employees/salespeople understand all aspects of the product. Characteristics like price, description, how the product works, and sales goals should all be thoroughly understood. The final two steps involve actually introducing the product to the market and evaluating the results. Record how the product performs and how the customers respond. (Karas 32-34) While these steps are quite simplified, these are the basics concepts that organizations utilize, regardless of size. A great example of products that have just recently been introduced is Sonys Move and Microsofts Kinect gaming systems. Both of these systems allow users to make use of their own bodies to become more active and involved in the gaming experience, very similar to the Wii. When the Nintendo Wii debuted, it was the first gamming system of its kind to offer an interactive gaming experience. It was a tremendous success and both Sony and Microsoft realized the opportunity to have their piece of the pie too. Rather than come up with a completely new gamming system, through the use of new technology, Sony and Microsoft designed a device that would simply be used in conjunction with users Playstation 3 and X-Box consoles. As time goes by it will be interesting to see what effects theses systems have on Wii sales and whether or not they are profitable for both Sony and Microsoft. Going along with the video game theme, Sega, which offered very popular gaming consoles in the 90s failed to innovate and offer a product strong enough to compete with Sonys Playstation and Nintendos N64. The result was Sega removing itself entirely from the hardware side of gaming and focusing solely on video game software. While Sega failed in one area, they were able to make a successful change and become profitable selling software. These two examples offer evidence to the power that new products and services hold within an organization. Once again failing to change and innovate successfully will most likely spell disaster for an organization. As an organization becomes larger the need for strategy and structure change becomes apparent. Strategic change involves altering employees construction of meanings by using a discourse that sets a new direction for a firm. (Sonenshein 505). All organizations need to make changes in their strategies, structures, management processes and administrative procedures. Many organizations go about this change using a dual core approach, which is a balance between the technical side and the management side of an organization. The technical side refers to the employees who actually produce the product or service that the company offers while the management side ensures that the day to day operations of the company are being fulfilled and the performance objectives are being met. While the two sides may have very different ideas of what changes need to take place, it is imperative that both sides be on the same page and working toward the same goal. In addition to becoming larger, there are also some other reasons why organizations must change their strategies. The first reason is the persistent pressure from shareholders for greater profitability. This requires business leaders to continually update their strategy. Theses updates are necessary to remain aligned with customers changing needs and priorities, while generating the necessary profits. This demands that strategies must be executed successfully within increasingly shorter time-periods. (Franken 49-73) The second reason relates to the increased complexity of organizations. In many organizations the activities performed to create products and services cross multiple functional, organizational, and geographical boundaries. Consequently, any strategic change program is likely to affect the people, processes, structures, technologies, suppliers, and business partners that work both within and across these boundaries. Hence, strategic change programs are becoming highly complex, resulting in increased risk of failure due to oversight. (Franken 49-73) The third reason is the difficult challenge faced by managers to balance the demands of successfully executing complex change programs with the demands of managing todays business performance. In situations where management is strongly tied to reward schemes based on todays performance, it is challenging to achieve active participation for the creation of tomorrows organization. However, as a result of the relentless pressure from stakeholders for repeated performance, managers cannot afford to dedicate their time, effort and resources to one set of demands exclusively. This balance is particularly challenging during the high-risk period when a business transitions to a new strategy. (Franken 49-73) The fourth reason is the low levels of involvement of a large number of managers across all functions at an early stage of strategy execution. The mechanics of involving large numbers of people in complex discussions leads organizations to restrict involvement in the quest for urgency. Often managers see these early stages as bureaucratic, unnecessary, and delaying real action. However, such involvement is required to obtain commitment to change and for the development of effective implementation plans. The fifth reason is the difficulty of securing the required resources to execute the strategy. Often, as a result of the large number of concurrent change programs, many of the organizations resources will already be allocated. Furthermore, as such resources are limited, managers will compete for them, and, once within their control, will endeavor to own them to secure their own goals.14 (Franken 49-73) According to Paul Sabbah, president of Stamford International, new strategies should focus on innovation, productivity and risk management. Productivity can be as easy as having employees working longer hours, implementing new technologies in order to speed up product development, or simply reducing inventory and using effective communication. Firms also need to look to international expansion as another potential strategy. By doing so, they open themselves up to new markets and new customers while being exposed to new ways of doing business and new retail concepts. Business is also all about managing risk. In difficult times, effectively managing risks like political instability, currency fluctuations, transportation costs, and rising energy costs has a direct effect on an organizations ability to survive in a struggling economy. (Sabbah) The final element and the most difficult to change is a change in organizational culture. This is often the most difficult to change because you are affecting people core values and daily routines. Eric Van Der Steen has shown that organizations have a tendency, over time, to develop the same set of beliefs and values. This happens through two mechanisms. People who share the same beliefs would rather work with those who share their beliefs than someone that does not. People also share experiences, which in turn leads to a set of shared beliefs. These shared beliefs and values directly impact the core culture of an organization. (Van Der Steen 26) To help explain the difficulties of culture change, think of a factory worker who has been assembling ball bearings a specific way over the past 20 years. This worker comes in every day, goes to their station and performs their duty over and over again for the duration of their shift. They have their routine down and never deviate from the steps they take. Now imagine someone coming up to them and telling them that the routine they have done over the years is inefficient and they have a better, more efficient way of performing their duty. In addition to this, there will be new policies and procedures to follow to ensure that the changes take place. That worker is obviously going to be skeptical and very resistant to changing. They may even feel that this person has no right to come and tell them how to do their job which they have been doing for so long. This is what must be overcome when dealing with cultural change. There are a few different ways to implement cultural change and each process has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. One way is by large group intervention. This entails having everyone in the organization go through a seminar, explaining to them what changes are going to be made. While this allows everyone to hear and hopefully understand the message, there may be some specific questions about the change that go unanswered. For instance a specialized department may wonder how certain changes will be affecting their culture. It is imperative that cultural change is led from upper management. Managers need to set the standard and lead by example especially when it comes to cultural change. In support of this, Lance Ewing states that companies without cultural leadership are always going the wrong way. (Ewing 88) Changing culture within an organization is never an easy task yet it is necessary and critical to change a culture when leadership transforms. Starting cultural change is like cooking in a Crock-Pot. Adding the right ingredients and turning the heat up with the right measure of enthusiasm for positive consumer change makes everyone want what is in the cultural pot. (Ewing 88) When dealing with change in any area, there will always be barriers to overcome. Resistance to change is now seen as a natural, acceptable incident. When it occurs, resistance may cause problems within the organization. However, depending on the nature of the change, the surrounding atmosphere and how the change takes place, resistance is not always a bad thing (Dent and Galloway Goldberg 27). According to Bauer, resistance to change, like pain, can be an alarm signal and serve as a warning that something is failing in the change process. (Bauer) Klein argues that resistance is a needed factor of flourishing change and if properly managed, can provide a beneficial response to the changes taking place. (Klein) Resistance is also a resource. It can provide valuable feedback to managers if they are willing to listen. Considering resistance as failure will overlook opportunities to strengthen operational outcomes. By paying attention to this feedback, managers can see a different perspective to the change they plan on initiating. Sometimes employees resist change for no reason, but often times, the employees most resistant to change are the ones who care enough to make sure the plan succeeds. People are also very aware of the past, and thoughts of changes that have utterly failed will constantly be running through their heads. In order to convince these people it is necessary to explain to them why and how you plan to implement change. Giving them the chance to voice their own questions and concerns will only enhance your plan to change. (Ford 100-103) In conclusion, the world is constantly changing and change and innovation play an extremely important role within any organization. As an organization if you fail to change and adapt to the rest of the world and your environment the world will pass you by. There are many elements for successful change, but your people will always be the most important in order for that change to take place. New technologies are always being introduced and it is important to stay up to date and take advantage of technology that will greatly benefit your organization. As an organization it is imperative that new technology is used to constantly come up with new and innovative products and services. While this is a major undertaking for any organization it is necessary for sustainability. As new products and services are being offered and an organization grows the strategy and structure used must also change. This gives way to cultural change where there is almost always some kind of resistance. Using t hat resistance as a tool to overcoming problems is a key step in successfully implementing change. Ultimately, the whole purpose of change is to increase profitability by making changes to the strategy, structure, technology and culture of an organization. While there will always be problems and other bumps along the road it is imperative that these obstacles are overcome in order to increase the odds for success.